1. Fa'amoemoega
Ina ia fa'atulagaina le faiga o le fa'apipi'iina o le nickel e aunoa ma le eletise, le puleaina o tapula'a, ma mana'oga lelei, ia mautinoa le mautu o le lelei o le ufiufi e fetaui ma tulaga fa'atau ma fa'avaomalo.
2. Va'aiga
E fa'atatau i le u'amea nickel e leai ni eletise i luga o u'amea kaponi, u'amea e le gaoia, ma u'amea kopa. E le fa'atatau i u'amea magnesium, u'amea titanium, po'o isi faiga fa'apitoa.
3. Fa'asinomaga Fa'atonutonu
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Ufiufi fa'a-nickel-phosphorus alloy autocatalytic
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Iloiloga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻega ma mea e fai i uʻamea ma isi ufiufi e le o ni mea ola i luga o mea uʻamea pe a uma ona faia suʻega ele
- • ASTM B733-18 – Fa'amatalaga Fa'atonu mo Ufiufi Nickel-Phosphorus Autocatalytic (Electroless)
- • ISO 4527:2003 – Ufi u'amea – Ufi u'amea nickel-phosphorus e otometi lava ona fa'a'a'a (e leai ni eletise)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Ufi u'amea i luga o mea u'amea – Ufi ua fa'apipi'iina i le eletise ma ua fa'apipi'iina i vaila'au – Metotia o su'ega fa'apipi'i
4. Mataupu Faavae o le Faagasologa
O le electroless nickel plating o se faiga fa'aputuga vaila'au autocatalytic lea e fa'aitiitia ai e le sodium hypophosphite ni ions Ni²⁺ e fausia ai se ufiufi Ni-P alloy.
Faiga o le tali atu:
- • Fa'a'okesaita anodic: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Fa'aitiitiga Cathodic: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Fa'aputuga fa'atasi o le phosphorus: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Fa'avasegaga o ufiufi e tusa ai ma le aofa'i o le phosphorus:
| Ituaiga | Aotelega o le phosphorus |
| Low-P | 1–5% |
| Ogatotonu-P | 5–10% |
| Maualuga-P | 10–15% |
5. Tafega o le Fa'agasologa
Asiasiga → Ave'ese le ga'o → Fufulu vevela → Fufulu tafe → Fa'apuna → Fufulu → Fa'agaoioia → Fufulu → Fufulu DI → Ufiufi e aunoa ma le eletise → Toe fa'aleleia → Fufulu fa'asaga i le tafe e 3-vaega → Fa'apasiva → Fufulu DI → Fa'amago → Asiasiga → Afifiina
6. Fa'asologa Autū o le Fa'agasologa
| Fa'atulagaga | Va'aiga pulea | Fa'amatalaga |
| Fa'aputuga Ni²⁺ | 8–12 kalama/L | Fautuaina 9–10 g/L |
| Sodium hypophosphate | 25–35 kalama/L | Fua fa'atatau o le molar i le Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Mea fa'aputu fa'aputu (sodium citrate) | 30–40 kalama/L | Fa'amautu nickel ions |
| Fa'apa'u (sodium acetate) | 15–25 kalama/L | Tausia le mautu o le pH |
| Tau o le pH | 4.5–5.5 (Ogatotonu/maualuga-P) | Fa'asa'oina i le ammonia po'o le sodium carbonate |
| Vevela | 85–90℃ | Sili ona lelei 88±1℃ |
| Utaina | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | O le maualuga o le uta e faʻaitiitia ai le fua faatatau o le teuina |
| Fua faatatau o le teuina | 15–25 μm/itula | Fa'aitiitia i le matua o le ta'ele |
| Taimi | 15–60 minute | Fa'atatau i le mafiafia mana'omia |
| Fa'alavelave | Ea fa'amekanika po'o le ea maualalo le mamafa | Fautuaina le fealua'i po'o le fa'ata'amilomilo o le vaega faigaluega |
| Fa'amamāina | Fa'amamāina faifai pea, fua fa'atatau 5–10 μm | Aveese vaega ninii, puipuia ai le pala |
7. Fa'amatalaga o le Oloa & le Malosiaga o le Ufiufi
7.1 Tele o le Lapo'a o le Mea Faigaluega
| Mea | Fa'atulagaga |
| Tele maualuga | 1500×800×600 mm |
| Lapo'a maualalo | 5×5×5 mm |
| Mamafa maualuga | 200 kilokalama |
| Mamafa maualalo | 1 kalama |
7.2 Malosiaga o le Mafiafi o le Ufiufi
| Ituaiga | Vaeluaga o le mafiafia | Fa'aoga masani |
| Vaega sa'o | 5–10 μm | Filo, fatu o valve, vaega hydraulic |
| Vaega masani | 10–50 μm | Vaega lautele e tete'e atu i le 'ele ma le ofuina |
| Ufiufi mafiafia | 50–100 μm | Toe faaleleia o ofu, siosiomaga e matuā ʻaʻai |
Tutusa: ±10% (vaega lautele); ±15% (foliga faigata)
7.3 Uiga o le Ufiufi
| Meatotino | E pei o le ufiufi | Togafitiga i le vevela (400℃×1h) | Fa'amatalaga |
| Ma'a'a (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | O le togafitiga i le vevela e faʻateleina ai le maʻaʻa |
| Pipii | ≤ Vasega 1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Leai se pa'u'ū, leai se mageso |
| Su'ega o le suāsusu masima (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35 ℃) | ≥24 itula (Ogatotonu o le P) ≥72 itula (Maualuga-P) | — | E tusa ai ma manaʻoga a le tagata faʻatau |
| Porosity | ≤1 togi/cm² | — | E masani lava e le pupū tele ≥25 μm |
| Tete'e | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Togafitiga i le vevela: 400℃ ±10℃, 1 itula, fa'amālūlū i le ea/ogaumu.
8. Malosiaga o le Gaosiga
| Mea | Malosiaga |
| Voluma o le tane e tasi | 2–5 m³ |
| Mamafa o le vaega | 500–1500 kilokalama |
| Malosiaga i aso taitasi | 3–8 tone |
| Malosiaga faalemasina | 80–200 tone |
Manatua: O le gafatia moni e fa'alagolago i le geometry, mafiafia, ma le matua o le tapu.
9. Su'esu'ega o le Tulaga Lelei
9.1 Mea e Su'esu'eina
| Mea | Metotia | Taimi masani | Tulaga fa'atatau o le taliaina |
| Mafiafia | XRF / microscope metallographic | ≥3 'ai i le fa'atulagaga ta'itasi i le vaega ta'itasi | Feiloai i le ata tusi; maualuga le atina'e ≤10% |
| Faigata | HV0.1 microhardness | Tasi i le sifi | ≥500 HV (e pei ona ufiufiina); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Pipii | Faila/pi'o/oti fa'alava+teipi | 1 fasi i le vaega ta'itasi | Vasega ≤1, leai se pa'u'ū |
| Foliga vaaia | Va'aia (malamalama masani) | 100% | Pupula tutusa; leai ni mea sese |
| Suāsusu masima | NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | I le vaega/suiga | Ogatotonu-P ≥24 itula; Maualuga-P ≥72 itula |
| Aotelega o le phosphorus | EDS / vaila'au | Ta'elega fa'alevaiaso / ta'elega fou | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Fa'avasegaga o Foliga Vaaia
| Vasega | Fa'amatalaga |
| Vasega A | Pupula tutusa/pupula teisi, leai ni mea sese |
| Vasega B | Nisi fa'ailoga vai/fa'ailoga o le fata, leai ni pu/pa'u'u |
| Vasega C | E le o manino lelei/suiga o lanu, e lelei le fa'atinoga |
| Teena | Ua le toe maua ni mea, ua saeia, ua le toe ufiufi, ua mu, ua tele naua eseesega o lanu |
10. Fa'afitauli i le Fa'afitauli
| Fa'afitauli | Mafua'aga e ono tupu | Tali |
| Le lelei le pipii | Le atoatoa o le fa'amamāina/fa'apuna; le lava le fa'agaoioiga | Fa'aleleia le togafitiga muamua; fa'alautele le fa'agaoioiga |
| O le mageso/leaga | O vaega i totonu o le tapu; e maualuga le pH e fa'aputuina | Fa'aleleia le fa'amamāina (5 μm); fa'aitiitia le pH |
| Ufiufi efuefu/leaga | Maualalo le Ni²⁺/hypophosphite; maualalo le pH/vevela | Fa'aopoopo vaila'au; pH 4.8–5.2; fa'avevela i le 88℃ |
| Fa'asolo le fa'apipi'iina | Fa'agaoioiga fa'alotoifale; suāuu/oksite totoe | Fa'aleleia le fa'agaoioiga; toe fa'amama le ga'o |
| Maualalo le fua faatatau o le teuina | Vevela maualalo/Ni²⁺/fa'aitiitia; pH ese; tapu ta'ele tuai | Fa'avevela i le 88–90℃; fetu'una'i le pH; fa'afouina le ta'ele |
| Fa'aleagaina o le ta'ele | Soona vevela; pH maualuga; fa'aopoopo vave; uta maualalo | Taofi le fa'avevela; fa'aitiitia le pH; fa'afefiloi le vai ta'ele |
11. Saogalemu
- • PPE: Totigilima 'āsi/alkali, mata tioata, 'ie 'ofu, mea manava (amonia/āsi).
- • Teuina o vailaʻau: Vavaeʻese le nickel sulfate, hypophosphite, acids, alkalis; mamao ese mai le vevela/mea faʻaitiitia.
- • Fa'asa: Aua le fa'afefiloi le acid fa'asusu ma le hypophosphite (phosphine oona). Fa'a'aisa muamua mea malo i le vai DI.
- • Fa'amālūlūina o le ea: Paipa e alu ese mai le ea i luga a'e o tane (ave'esea o le haitorosene).
- • Fa'alavelave Fa'afuase'i: Fufulu mata, ta'ele, mea tineia pauta mago/CO₂, mea manava, mea e fa'apala ai mea masaa.
12. Puipuiga o le Siosiomaga
- • Vai otaota: Vaeluaina vai otaota Ni; fa'aputu le pH 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Otaota matautia: Tapu ta'ele ua uma ona fa'aaogaina, faamama, mea fa'agaoioia, palapala Ni – ua laiseneina mo le lafoaia o otaota ma fa'amaumauga.
- • Fa'asa'olotoina o le ea: Fa'aauau pea ona fa'aleleia le ea; mata'ituina le ammonia/haitorosene i le GB 16297.
- • Malosiaga/vai: Fa'amama tane; fufulu fa'asaga i le tafe; toe fa'atumuina fa'atasi.
13. Fa'atulagaga o le Ta'ele (Ogatotonu o le Phosphorus, Vaega Lautele)
| Kemikolo | Fa'amoemoega | Galuega |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 kalama/L | Masima autū, puna o le Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 kalama/L | Mea fa'aitiitia, puna P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 kalama/L | Mea fa'aputu fa'alavelave |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 kalama/L | pH buffer |
| Asitala lactic/propionic | 5–10 mL/L | Fa'atelevaveina |
| Fa'amautu (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Taofia le pala |
Toe faalelei:
1. Fa'afefiloi le NiSO₄, citrate, acetate i le 1/3 DI vai, 60℃.
2. Fa'afefiloi le hypophosphite + lactic acid i le isi 1/3.
3. Tu'u fa'atasi, fa'atumu se'ia o'o i le voluma, pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Fa'aopopo le mea e fa'amautu ai, fa'avevela i le 88℃, fa'amama, ma le ipu fa'ata'ita'i.
14. Meafaigaluega ma le Malosiaga o Su'esu'ega
14.1 Meafaigaluega Autū
| Meafaigaluega | Fa'amatalaga |
| Tanka fa'apipi'i | Ufiufi PP/PVC, fa'avevela, pulea le vevela |
| Fa'amamāina | Pamu e tete'e atu i le 'āseta + pusa, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/h |
| Puleaina o le vevela | PID, ±1℃ |
| Ogaumu fa'amago | Ea vevela, 60–120 ℃ |
| Mea fa'amamā ultrasonic | 40 kHz, malosi e mafai ona fetu'una'i |
| Vai DI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Meafaigaluega Su'esu'ega
| Meafaigaluega | Sa'o/Tulaga Masani |
| Mafiafia o le XRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Ma'a'a la'ititi | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Potu fa'asusu masima | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| Mikroskopi fa'ametalokalama | 100–1000×, maikomita |
| mita pH | ±0.02, taui mo le vevela |
| Paleni fa'ata'ita'i | 0.01 kalama |
15. Fa'amaumauga ma le Su'esu'eina
- •Faamaumauga o le gaosiga:Numera o le vaega, aofaʻi, vevela, pH, taimi, mafiafia, tagata faʻagaoioia.
- •Ogalaau o le faletaele:Ni²⁺ i aso taʻitasi, hypophosphite, pH; faʻaopoopoga; faʻamamā/faʻamamāina.
- •Faamaumauga o le asiasiga:Mafiafia, ma'a'a, pipii, foliga vaaia, suāsusu masima.
- •Tausiga:Fa'atulagaina, tausiga o le pamu, aveese o le mamafa, siakiina o le ili (fa'alekuata).
Taofiofia:≥3 tausaga (≥10 tausaga mo ta'avale/foma'i). E mafai ona su'eina i le ta'amilosaga fa'aputu/ta'ele.
16. Aiaiga Faaopoopo
- • Iloiloina i tausaga taʻitasi e le Matagaluega Faʻatekinolosi.
- • Fa'amaumauina ma mulimulita'i i mana'oga fa'apitoa a tagata fa'atau (fa'asusu masima, ma'a'a, tufatufaina, H-embrittlement).
- • Oloa fou: Fa'ata'ita'iga la'ititi muamua; gaosiga tele pe a uma ona pasia uma su'ega.
- • Mo le puleaina o le gaosiga ma le siakiina o tagata faʻatau.
Talafaasolopito o le Toe Teuteuga
| Faaaliga | Aso | Mataupu o le toe teuteuga | Ua faamaonia e |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Fa'asalalauga muamua | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Lomiga atoa i le Igilisi | — |
Taimi na lafoina ai: 18 Me 2026